But on June 5, 2023, Folbigg was pardoned by NSW Gov. Margaret Beazley and was released from prison after evidence presented at a recent inquiry suggested that her children most likely died of natural causes. The inquiry, which began in 2022, revealed that both of Folbigg’s daughters had an extremely rare and previously unknown mutation of the CALM2 gene, key for shuttling calcium through tissues, that can cause sudden cardiac arrest. Meanwhile, both of Folbigg’s sons carried a mutation of the BSN gene, needed to build functional brain cells, which has been linked to an early onset and lethal form of epilepsy.

The Folbigg case has been described as “one of Australia’s greatest miscarriages of justice,” according to the BBC.

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Circumstantial conviction

All of the Folbigg children died in their sleep when they were between 19 days and 18 months old. The first death, that of Caleb, was initially attributed to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The subsequent death of his brother Patrick was never determined, although Patrick did experience seizures in the months leading up to his death, according to the BBC.

However, the later deaths of Sarah and then Laura, whose sudden deaths could not be explained either, sparked speculation that Folbigg may have smothered each of her children to death. The accusations heavily affected Folbigg’s personal life: In 2000, she was divorced by the children’s father, Craig Gibson, who believed she had killed their children In 2001, she was arrested and later convicted in a nationally scrutinized trial that lasted seven weeks. Her initial sentence was 40 years but was reduced on appeal.

There was never any physical evidence that Folbigg had smothered her children. However, in a personal diary entry that Gibson provided to the police, Folbigg described how the “guilt about them all haunts me,” which was used by prosecutors to infer her guilt despite the defense arguing that this was circumstantial evidence, according to the BBC.

Over the past three decades, Folbigg has continually denied that she killed her children and has had multiple appeals denied.

New evidence

The new inquiry was launched after researchers decided to sequence the genomes of Folbigg and her children, using preserved DNA samples, in 2018, according to Australian news outlet ABC News. (This technology was not widely available during the initial trial in 2003.)

Their findings, which were published in March 2021 in the journal EP Europace, revealed that Sarah and Laura each carried one copy of a CALM2 variant known as CALM2-G114R, which they inherited from Folbigg.

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The CALM2 gene provides the genetic instructions needed for cells to produce the protein calmodulin, which helps regulate the movement of calcium ions in and out of cells. Calcium ions are particularly important in maintaining a regular heartbeat, so people with mutated CALM2 genes can develop calmodulinopathy, a syndrome that causes an irregular heartbeat, or arrhythmia, which can be lethal in young children, ABC News reported.

Even small changes to the calmodulin protein can be particularly destructive, due to its important job, Jozef Gecz, a human geneticist at the University of Adelaide who was not involved in the research, told ABC News. “Once you tamper with it, you introduce a problem and potential explanation why the heart may fail.”

Calmodulinopathy is extremely rare. To date, only 135 people worldwide have ever been diagnosed with the condition, although experts estimate that it may affect up to 1 in 35 million people, ABC News reported.

The chances of Folbigg passing on the CALM2-G114R variant to any one of her children was 50%, study co-author Melanie Bahlo, a statistical geneticist at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne, told ABC News.

But if Folbigg also possesses the mutated gene, why hasn’t she developed calmodulinopathy?

The researchers suspect that the syndrome could be triggered in part by complementary gene variants, such a specific version of the REM2 gene, which also helps regulate calcium levels in cells. All four of the Folbigg children carry a variant of the REM2 gene, while Folbigg does not. It is likely that their father possesses the same REM2 variant, but he refused to give a DNA sample to the researchers, ABC News reported. (Around 18% of people have a mutant REM2 gene.)

Study co-author Dr. Peter Schwartz, director of the Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin in Milan, told ABC News that the Folbigg girls experienced an unfortunate “double hit” of mutations. “The combination of maternal and paternal DNA has represented a lethal cocktail,” he speculated.

Both Caleb and Patrick possessed a mutated version of the BSN gene, which codes for a type of protein found primarily in brain cells. The protein is specifically found in the scaffolding at the ends of neurons’ long, thin wires, from which they spew chemical messengers. Past studies in mice have suggested that this gene can cause a lethal type of epilepsy in infancy, ABC News reported.

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Prior to his death, Patrick had been hospitalized for four months due to a seizure, which suggests that he could have had this rare form of epilepsy. Caleb reportedly never had any seizures, but the fact that he also possessed the mutated BSN gene, as well as the circumstances of his siblings’ deaths, was enough to establish reasonable doubt that he was killed by his mother.

As part of the inquiry, a group of more than 90 scientists signed an open letter agreeing that all four children could have died from natural causes and urged Beazley to pardon Folbigg.